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第四章

Learn new words and phrases

1. resolve: v 旋轉，常見搭配關系為：resolve around sb/sth圍繞…轉。

She spends all of her time resolving around her family.

The earth resolves around the sun.

2. solar: a 太陽的，日光的

solar energy太陽能;solar system太陽系;solar month陽歷月

3. concerned: a 有關的、擔心的

Her job is something concerned with computer.

He is concerned about the result of the exam.

4. colored: a 有色的，對比;colorful: a 豐富多彩的

I like orange-colored coat.

Everybody likes colorful life.

5. religion: n 宗教，religious: a 虔誠的;

請對比：region: n 地區;regional: a 地區的

6. circumstance: n 情況、境遇;

Under no circumstances can we waste time.

7. a great many = a number of = many很多，修飾復數名詞。而a great deal of + u.n

A great many students are absent today.

I have wasted a great deal of time.

8. above all: 首先、首要

After the war, he longed above all to see his wife and family.

9. as a rule: 通常、一般而言

As a rule, I only watch sports news.

Analyze the important sentences among the text:

1. First of all, let us consider the earth as a planet revolving around the sun. (p1)

譯：首先，讓我們把地球看作是圍繞太陽運行的一顆行星。

句子分析：first of all首先，詞組：consider sth as sth把…當作…，與之類似的詞組還有：

look up sth as sth; review sth as sth; treat sth as sth…; revolving around the sun是現在分詞短語作定語修飾a planet。

2. These nine planets, together with the sun, make up what is called our solar system. (p1)

譯：這九大行星和太陽一起構成我們所說的太陽系。

句子分析：該句主語為：These nine planets;謂語是make up;what is called our solar system是賓語;together with the sun是狀語，而并非句子主語。關于該語法內容請見本講后面的grammar---主謂一致。

3. How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery …… (p1)

譯：這個奇妙的星系是怎樣起源的?什么使它保持極其精確的運轉，很大程度上現在還是一個謎。

句子分析：這也是一個主語很復雜的句子：How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy是主語，它是一個主語從句。關于該語法內容請見本講后面的grammar---主謂一致。

4. The total water area is about three times as large as the land area. (p4)

譯：水域的總面積大約是陸地面積的三倍大。

句子分析：該句的核心句型是A + be + 倍數+ as + adj + as + B.

e.g. The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific Ocean.

5. These currents are important because they affected the climate of the land areas close to where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscope animal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes. (p5)

譯：這些海洋之所以重要是因為他們影響著所流經區域的附近陸地的氣候，也是因為它們攜帶大量的微生物，植物，而這些構成魚類食品的一大部分。

句子分析：這是一個由because引導的主從復合句，其中close to where they flow是定語，修飾the land areas;詞組：large quantities of + c.n/u.n; which forms a large part of the food for fishes是定語從句修飾animal and vegetable life。其中life是指生命，不可數名詞。

6. The circumstances under which different people live make a difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands. (p8)

譯：不同民族的生活環境造就了他們和我們極為不同的生活方式，我們應該做的是去了解他們不同的生活環境以便可以更好理解其他地區的人們。

句子分析：該句中的under which和in which又是介詞+which的定語從句用法，修飾The circumstances和the way;so that引導的時目的狀語從句。其中：make a diference;使…不同，產生差異;business 是指責任;

7. Above all, we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.

譯：其中很重要的實在沒有對于與我們不同的人們和他們必須過的那種生活有大量的了解之前，我們應該避免對他們有先入為主的看法。

句子分析：Above all是狀語，意思是最重要的，首先;we主語;should avoid謂語;deciding what we think about people different from ourselves賓語;without first…狀語。different from ourselves是定語，修飾people; having learned動名詞的完成時態，表示這個動作早于deciding發生。重要詞組：above all; avoid doing; a great deal

8. It is true to say that the more we learn about other people, the better we understand their ideas and as a rule, the better we like those people themselves.

譯：確實我們了解其他人越多，我們就越能理解他們的觀點，通常我們就更喜歡那些人。

句子分析：該句的主要結構為：the more…the more…the better意思：越…就越…;如：

The longer you keep this wine, the better it tastes.

The busier I am, the happier I am.

Grammar 主謂一致

主謂一致是指句中的主語和謂語在人稱和數上須保持一致。我們一般遵從三個原則：

1、 語法一致的原則：是指主語為單數或復數時，其謂語動詞要與其相呼應。

2、 意義一致的原則：指謂語動詞的單復數取決于主語所表達的概念，而不取決于表面的語法標志，主要表現為某些集體名詞后可跟動詞單數或復數。如果這些集體名詞指整體概念時，謂語動詞用單數;指具體成員時用復數。

3、 就近原則：是指謂語動詞單復數取決于離它最近的詞語，而無須考慮其他的詞。

主謂一致的熱點

1.由 many a 或 more than + 單數名詞作主語時，其謂語用單數形式。

Many a foreigner has been to the Great Wall.

More than one student has visited the exhibition.

2.“……的幾分之幾”和“……的百分之幾” 作主語時，其謂語用單數或復數取決于 of 后的名詞。

Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.

40 percent of the students in our class are girls.

3.“a number of + 名詞復數”作主語，謂語用復數;“ the number of + 名詞復數”作主語，謂語用單數。

A number of pupils like reading picture-books.

The number of the students in our class is 55.

4.并列主語如果指的是同一人、同一物或同一概念，謂語動詞用單數，這時 and 后面的名詞前沒有冠詞。

The secretary of the Party branch and director of that factory often works with the workers.

5.成對的名詞，如bread and butter涂黃油的面包，soda and water汽水，coffee and milk加牛奶的咖啡，aim and end目的，salt and water鹽開水等，雖然有and連接，但仍表單一概念，作主語時，謂語用單數。

A knife and fork is on the table.

6.由 and 連接的并列單數主語的前面分別有each, every或no修飾時，其謂語用單數形式。

No student and no teacher is invited to the party.

In our country every boy and every girl has right to receive education.

7.主語是單數，其后跟有together with, along with (與……一道)，as well as (和;也)，no less than (和……一樣)，rather than (而不)，以及with, not, like, but, except, besides, including 等引起的短語時，謂語動詞一般用單數形式。

He as well as his sister is a League member.

8.在定語從句中主語是關系代詞who, that, which,謂語動詞的數應與先行詞的數一致。

I, who am your teacher, will teach you everything I know.

9.主語是一些只有復數形式的名詞，如clothes, trousers, glasses, compasses, scissors, shoes, socks, gloves等時，謂語用復數。但這類表示成雙的東西的名詞前有a pair of修飾時，謂語用單數。

My trousers are being washed now.

There is a pair of shoes in the box.

10.表示度量、價格、時間的復數名詞詞組作主語時一般被看作一個整體，謂語用單數形式。

Ten dollars is not enough.

Three months has passed since he left.

11.主語是以-ics 結尾的學科名詞以及news, works (工廠)等都屬形式復數，而意義單數的名詞，其謂語用單數形式。另外means一詞單復數同形應視具體情況而定。

Mathematics seems to be difficult to learn.

A new means of teaching is being used in that school.

12.主語是用作書名、劇名、報紙名、國名等的復數名詞，謂語一般用單數形式。

The United States is a developed country.

13.主語是family, team, group, crowd, class, committee等集合名詞時，如果作為一個整體看待，謂語用單數形式，如指的是全體人員時，謂語用復數。

His family are all music lovers.

14.“one of + 復數名詞 + 定語從句”之前有the only, the very, the等限定詞和修飾語時，定語從句的謂語動詞用單數形式。

She is the only one of these women who plays the violin.

15.主語是疑問代詞who, what, which,不定代詞all, more, most, any, none等以及名詞half, part, the rest等既可表示復數意義又可表示單數意義，其謂語視情況而定。

Half of the visitors are from Europe.

Half of the fruit is bad.

16.主語是表示數量的“one and a half +復數名詞”，其謂語用單數形式。主語是“one or two + 復數名詞”，其謂語用復數形式。

One and a half bananas is left on the table.

There are one or two things I‘d like to know about.

17.the +形容詞或分詞作主語時，如指一類人。其謂語用復數，如指抽象概念，其謂語用單數。如：

The rich are not always happy.

The new is sure to replace the old.

18.由not only … but also, neither…nor, either…or, not …but以及or連接的并列主語，謂語動詞要與最靠近它的主語在數上保持一致。

Not only your father's friends but also your father likes smoking.

19.在倒裝句中以及在There be …結構中，如主語是并列的，謂語動詞往往和其后面的第一個主語取得數上的一致。

Where is your mother and younger sister?

There is a pen , two pencils and five books on the desk.

20.動名詞或動詞不定式作主語，其謂語用單數形式。

When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet

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