Avalanche and Its Safety

An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow,often mixed with air and water,down a mountainside,Avalanches are____1____ the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.

All avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material,typically snowpack,that is too massive and unstable for the slope____2____ supports it,Determining the critical load,the amount of over-burden which is____3____ cause an avalanche,____4____ acomplex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.

Terrain slopes flatter than25degrees or steeper than60degrees typically have a low ____5____ of avalanche,Snow does not____6____ significantly on steep slopes;also,snow does not ____7____ easily on flat slopes,Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snow‘s angle of rest1 is____8____ 35 and45 degrees;the critical angle,the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest,is38degrees,The rule of thumb2 is： A slope that is____9____ enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche,regardless of the angle,Additionally3,avalanche risk increases with ____10____;that is,the more a slope is disturbed by skiers,die more lijkely it is that an avalanche will occur.

Due to the complexity of the subject,winter travelling in the backcountry4 is never 100% safe,Good avalanche safety is a continuous____11____，,including route selection and examination of the snowpack,weather____12____ and human factors,Several well-known good habits can also____13____ the risk,If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports,they should be considered and all warnings should be paid ____14____ to,Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations;snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made,Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are____15____ or damaged,Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche.

詞匯：

avalanche / '?v?l?nt?,-lɑ?n? / n.雪崩

snowpack / 'sn??p?k / n.積雪場

terrain / te're?n / n.地形，地勢

steep / sti?p / adj.險峻的，陸峭的

trigger / 'tr?g?(r) / v.引起，激發

incidence / '?ns?d?ns / n.發生(率)

ski / ski? / v.滑雪

complexity / k?m'pleks?t? / n.復雜性

注釋：

1.angle of rest：這里指積雪保持靜止的角度。

2.rule of thumb：指“a broadly accurate principle,based on experience or practice rather than theory”，即“通用法則，經驗法則'

3.Additionally：是一個副詞，用來引人新的事實或論點，意為“此外”。

4.backcountry：人煙稀少的地區

練習：

1,A among B of C to D in

2.A when B that C who D whose

3.A mostly B likely C clearly D surely

4.A are B will be C is D was

5.A weight B form C risk D work

6.A fall B flow C roll D gather

7.A fall B flow C roll D gather

8.A among B between C with D for

9.A thick B thin C flat D rocky

10.A use B time C snow D rain

11.A journey B trip C fact D process

12.A conditions B reports C forecast D event

13.A increase B reduce C improve D remove

14.A price B effort C attention D money

15.A missing B grown C big D fresh

答案與題解：

1.A 表“雪崩是山上可能發生的最大危險之一”的意思，因此應該選擇among(在……之中)。

2.B 從該句的語法結構上來看，此處需要一個關系代詞，代替slope，所以that是最佳選擇。選項A、C、D均不符合語法。

3.B 選項A不合語法，C和D符合語法，但不符合常識：過度的雪的積壓可能導致雪崩，而不是必定導致雪崩。所以，B是最佳答案。

4.C 該句的主語是Determining the critical load，從上下文來看應該使用一般現在時，所以C是正確答案。

5.C 要確定本題答案的一個有效的方法是排除法。a low weight/form work of avalanche都不合邏輯，只有a low risk of avalanche符合上下文的意思。下面的句子解釋了low risk of avalanche的道理，更證實了選risk是正確的。

6.D 第6題和第7題可以一起考慮。整個句子的意思是：在較陡峭的坡面上，雪不會大量堆積。在較為平坦的坡面，雪不會輕易滑動。

7.B 見注釋6.

8.B 理解了句子的意思就不難判斷選項：雪在靜止狀態下，角度在35° ~45°之間，最可能發生人為觸發的雪崩。between：在……之間。

9.C 這個句子說明的是什么樣的山坡最易發生雪崩，即A slope that is flat enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski.flat在此作“平坦”解，與后面的steep形成反義。

10.A 句中的that is表明，后半部分是對前半部分的進一步說明。所以，這里的選擇要根據下文的意思判斷。use是最佳選擇，整個句子的意思是：山坡被滑雪者使用得越多，雪崩就越有可能發生。

11.D 盡管選項A、B和D都能和continuous搭配，從全段的內容判斷，只有process是最佳選擇，因為該段描寫的是如何防備雪崩以及如何做好安全措施等一系列問題。

12.A 選項A、B、C都可以與weather搭配，但是根據上下文，只有A最為符合文章的內容。

13.B 選項A不符合句子的意思;C不能和risk搭配;D也不符合句子的意思，因為不可能完全消除雪崩的隱患。

14.C 該句主句使用的是被動語態，第二個動詞是pay attention to的被動形式。選項A、B、D均不符合句子的意思。

15.A 該句是作者給出的一系列忠告之一，即認真觀察地形，注意明顯的雪崩路徑：沒有植物或植物被毀壞的地方。選項B、C、D均不符合句意。

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