理工A閱讀文章及譯文Older Volcanic Eruptions

Older Volcanic Eruptions

Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because they were bigger, but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease.

Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do. He calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.

The Permian extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming that followed wiped out 80 per cent of all marine genera at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60 million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. "The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid. He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2.

Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says that Wignall's idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.

譯文：

遠(yuǎn)古火山噴發(fā)

古代的火山更具殺傷力，不是因?yàn)樗鼈兏螅且驗(yàn)樗鼈冡尫懦鰜?lái)的二氧化碳更容易把人殺死。

來(lái)自里茲大學(xué)的Paul Wignall正在調(diào)查火山爆發(fā)和大規(guī)模物種滅絕之間的聯(lián)系。不是所有的火山都會(huì)造成大量動(dòng)物死亡。但在過(guò)去的三億年間，巨大的火山巖石的形成都伴隨著大規(guī)模種族滅絕。讓他驚奇的是，遠(yuǎn)古的火山造成的破壞更大。他通過(guò)比較火山釋放出的熔巖的體積與殺死生命的比例計(jì)算這些火山的殺傷效力。他發(fā)現(xiàn)，體積相同的情況下，老遠(yuǎn)古火山要比近期火山的殺傷力大十倍。

例如，發(fā)生在兩億五千年前的二疊紀(jì)物種滅絕就與西伯利亞的火山爆發(fā)發(fā)生在同一時(shí)期。當(dāng)時(shí)的火山巖大約覆蓋了西歐那么大的面積。當(dāng)時(shí)火山釋放出了大約100億噸梯恩梯的二氧化碳，隨之而來(lái)的全球變暖殺死了80%的海洋生物。500萬(wàn)年以后，地球才恢復(fù)到原來(lái)的狀態(tài)。然而，6000年前，火山大規(guī)模爆發(fā)，以及而后的全球變暖并沒(méi)有帶來(lái)種族滅絕。一些動(dòng)物確實(shí)消失了，但幾萬(wàn)年以后，地球又恢復(fù)到以前的水平。“最近的一次火山爆發(fā)基本上沒(méi)帶來(lái)什么影響。”Wignall稱。他并沒(méi)有將650萬(wàn)年前的恐龍滅絕計(jì)算在內(nèi)，因?yàn)榇蟛糠值目茖W(xué)家認(rèn)為那是有小行星撞擊地球所引起的。他認(rèn)為，遠(yuǎn)古火山之所以殺傷力大是因?yàn)榻诘纳锬軌蚋玫倪m應(yīng)二氧化碳含量上升。

法國(guó)巴黎地理研究所的所長(zhǎng)Vincent Courtillot稱Wignall的觀點(diǎn)很具爭(zhēng)議性，并且很難做出這樣的計(jì)算。他指出火山爆發(fā)的殺傷力是由其持續(xù)長(zhǎng)度所決定的。并且很難知道是否大規(guī)模爆發(fā)會(huì)持續(xù)上百萬(wàn)年。他補(bǔ)充道，很難計(jì)算遠(yuǎn)古火山灰噴發(fā)多少火山巖，并且火山巖的數(shù)量也不一定和二氧化碳釋放數(shù)量相一致。

詞匯：

dioxide n. 二氧化物

lava n. 熔巖

Permian adj. 二疊紀(jì)

gigaton n. 十億噸梯恩梯

genera n. 種類

dinosaurs n. 恐龍

asteroid n. 小行星

注釋：The Permian extinction 二疊紀(jì)物種滅絕

練習(xí)：

1. Why did older volcanic eruptions do more damage than more recent ones?

A) Because they killed off life more easily.

B) Because they were brighter.

C) Because they were larger.

D) Because they were hotter.

2. How did Wignall calculate the killing power of those older volcanic eruptions?

A) By estimating how long they lasted.

B) By counting the dinosaurs they killed.

C) By studying the chemical composition of lava.

D) By comparing the proportion of life wiped out with the volume of lava produced.

3. When did dinosaurs become extinct?

A) 300 million years ago.

B) 250 million years ago.

C) 60 million years ago.

D) 65 million years ago.

4. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 concerning dinosaurs?

A) They were killed off by an asteroid.

B) They died of drastic climate change.

C) They were wiped off by a volcanic eruption.

D) The cause of their extinction has remained a controversial issue.

5. What is the main thesis of the article?

A) Volcanic eruptions are not always deadly.

B) Older volcanic eruptions were more destructive.

C) Carbon dioxide emissions often give rise to global warming.

D) It is not easy to calculate the killing power of a volcanic eruption.

答案與題解：

1.A 問(wèn)題問(wèn)的是：為什么遠(yuǎn)古的火山爆發(fā)比近期的火山爆發(fā)破壞性更大?第一段是這么說(shuō)的：古代的火山更具破壞力，不是因?yàn)樗鼈兏螅且驗(yàn)樗鼈冡尫懦龅亩趸几苋菀椎貧缟?/p>

2.D 問(wèn)題問(wèn)的是：Wignall是如何計(jì)算出遠(yuǎn)古火上爆發(fā)的殺傷力的?答案在第二段。第二段有這樣一句話：He calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced.他通過(guò)比較火山釋放出的熔巖的體積與殺死生命的比例計(jì)算這些火山的殺傷效力。

3.C 問(wèn)題問(wèn)的是：恐龍是什么時(shí)候滅絕的?答案在第三段。其中有這么一句話：He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid.他沒(méi)有提及6千5百萬(wàn)年前恐龍的滅絕是因?yàn)樵S多科學(xué)家相信恐龍的滅絕是受一顆小行星的影響。

4.D 問(wèn)題問(wèn)的是：第三段還可以推導(dǎo)出有關(guān)恐龍的什么樣的信息?在討論第三題的答案時(shí)，我們已經(jīng)注意到了，Wignall沒(méi)有提6千5百萬(wàn)年前恐龍的滅絕是否跟火山爆發(fā)有關(guān)是因?yàn)樵S多科學(xué)家相信恐龍的滅絕是受一顆小行星的影響。這就說(shuō)明，關(guān)于恐龍滅絕的原因在科學(xué)家之間是有分歧的。

5.B 問(wèn)題問(wèn)的是：文章的主要論點(diǎn)是什么?答案在文章的第一句：Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, ...(古代火山更具破壞力)。

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