倒裝:
英語的一般語序為:主語 + 謂語動詞 + 賓語(或表語) + (狀語等附加成分)。有時為了語法上或修辭上的需要而改變這種語序,如將謂語動詞放到主語的前面,就稱為倒裝。因語法需要的倒裝稱為"語法倒裝",例如英語中的疑問句多采用倒裝形式,如Are you a doctor or an engineer? 因修辭需要,如為了強調、句子結構均衡或承上啟下等目的倒裝,稱為"修辭性倒裝",例如On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house. (山頂上有一座漂亮的小屋。)。
就應試而言,以下倒裝現象應給予特別注意(按考試中出現的頻率高低順序排列):
1) not, not until, never, no, no sooner, seldom, hardly, scarcely, little, few 等 否定詞開頭的句子,比較:
例1
正常語序:I shall never forget the first days at college.
倒裝語序:Never shall I forget the first days at college.
(我永遠不會忘記初上大學的那些日子)
例2
正常語序:I did not have any idea what market economy is until recently.
倒裝語序:Not until recently did I have any idea what market economy is.
(直到最近我才知道什么叫市場經濟。)
以上兩個句子采用倒裝語序的主要目的是為了強調。
在這一節中,要特別注意以下三個倒裝句型:
not until… ,見以上例2
no sooner …than…, 例如:
No sooner had she finished reading the poem than the students began to ask her questions.
(她剛念完這首詩,學生們就開始向她提問題了。)
hardly …when …,與 no sooner … than…句型的意思和用法相同,就是不要把搭配搞錯了,既:
Hardly had she finished reading the poem when the students began to ask her questions.
2)介詞 + no否定詞開頭的句子, 比較:
正常語序:I shall not do anything against the interests of the country under any circumstances.(不管在什么情況下,我決不做有損國家利益的事情。)
倒裝語序:Under no circumstances shall I do anything against the interests of the country.
3) only, so/such (…that…),often 等詞開頭的句子,比較: 4)
正常語序:We can learn a foreign language well only in this way.
倒裝語序:Only in this way can we learn a foreign language well.
(只有這樣我們才能學好一門外語。)
正常語序:The stain was so small that I could hardly see it.
倒裝語序:So small was the stain that I could hardly see it.
(污跡很小,幾乎看不出來。)
從以上的舉例可以歸納出:
如果以上的詞(組)本來就是修飾或說明主語的,不存在倒裝問題,例如:
Not all scientists accept his new theory about the origin of the Universe.
(不是所有科學家都接受他的有關宇宙起源的新理論的。)
怎么倒裝?采用一般疑問句的倒裝規則。
應試思路:
倒裝句一般都比較長,表達的意思相對比較復雜,這給英語基礎比較差的考生帶來理解上的一定困難。為了提高應試效率,要牢牢把握好以下應試思路:
見到not等否定詞,或only, so, often, 或"介詞 + no…"開頭的句子,首先要考慮是否倒裝;
看看答案中哪個采用了倒裝形式(不要管是什么意思);
如果答案中有幾個倒裝形式,比較一下時態、語態或其他細微差別。
例如:
Not since the great growth years of the snowmobile ______ as much as the latest entry of all terrain vehicle.
A. did a sport vehicle catch the public's fancy
B. a sport vehicle had caught the public's fancy
C.has a sport vehicle caught the public's fancy
D.will a sport vehicle catch the public's fancy
要正確翻譯這個句子并不是件容易的事,但并不影響解題:
首先,這是個"not"開頭的句子,需要倒裝;
第二,在A、A、C、D四個答案中,B是唯一不倒裝的,肯定不對;
第三,盡管A、C、D都是倒裝形式,但由于是"not since",要用現在完成時,故正確答案是C.
從以上例子可以看出,就語法考試而言,牢記基本規則,把握正確解題思路有時比多認識幾個英語單詞更重要。
其他需注意的倒裝現象:
4) here, there, back, down, off, in, up等表示地點狀語的詞開頭的句子,例如:
Here comes a taxi! (來了輛出租車!)
There goes the last bus!(末班公共汽車開走了!)
Down came the rain.(下雨了。)
但是:主語是代詞時不倒裝,例如:
Here it comes. (它來了。)
There she goes.(她走了。)
5) 主語 + live, stand, lie, sit 等動詞 + (介詞)地點狀語 的結構中常采用倒裝語序,例如:
正常語序:An old temple stands at the top of the hill.
倒裝語序:At the top of the hill stands an old temple. (山頂上有座古廟。)
同樣,如果主語是代詞,也不能倒裝,例如:
(The old temple was built 800 hundred years ago. ) It stands at the top of the hill.
6) although 讓步從句用as或 though代替時,例如:
正常語序:Although he is young, he is quite expert in computer technology.
倒裝語序:Young as he is, he is quite expert in computer technology.
(盡管他很年輕,但是他對計算機技術相當專業。)
4)、5)、6)類倒裝只是簡單的語序調整。
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2015年職稱英語考試科目《理工類》語法輔導:比較句型詳解匯總
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(責任編輯:vstara)