lecture神經膠質細胞研究。來源：考試大
　　教授說早期對人類大腦的研究集中在神經細胞neuron，讓一男生起來回答上節課的主要內容，男生說生物電生物電bioelectricity 通過神經細胞傳導，通過兩個神經細胞的接觸點傳到下一個細胞，有趣的是。。說到這里被教授打斷，說他答得已經很完整了（有題，問教授打斷他的用意）。神經膠質細胞glial cells的作用在早期被忽視了，人們認為膠質細胞只有支持神經細胞的作用。后來人們發現膠質細胞也有傳導信息的作用，不是通過生物電，而是化學物質傳導。于是總共有三種傳導方式，神經細胞間，膠質細胞間，神經和膠質細胞互相傳導。而且發現膠質細胞的數量及其巨大，遠多于神經細胞。同時還可能有修復神經細胞，決定哪些神經長的大［記得可能不準］。教授又說，膠質細胞可能與智力有關，越多智商越高，但這不確定。教授說對膠質細胞的研究是一個很open up的領域，建議學生們可以考慮畢業后作深入研究（有題）。
重要：biology 講glial cell。以往人們對神經傳導的研究僅限于neuron（神經元），也叫nerve cell。神經傳導通過electrical communication從一個結點傳到另一個結點，神經元被認為起主要作用，glial cell研究的很少，一直被忽略，被看作help the growth of neurons (出題)，起輔助作用。后來偶然發現大腦中glial cell比neuron的數目多很多，glial cell引起了科學家的重視，開始研究它究竟起什么作用（此處出題，問glial cell怎么引起科學家注意的）。后來有一重大突破， 發現glial cell傳導信號不是用的electrical signal，而是用chemical conductor（一說chemical communication）（此處出題）。傳統觀點一直誤以為glial cell也像nerve cell一樣用電信號。后來談到glial cell可能的作用：使人更intelligent。對glial cell的認識目前十分有限，但相關研究已經開始流行，是大家畢業之后可選的研究課題（此處出題）
Glial cell is thought to help the growth of neurons. However, scientists accidentally discover that glial’s amount is much more than the neuron. So glial attract people’s attention. They use chemical conductor to communicate with others. So glial to neuron, g to n, g to g, n to n are all available. In the past glial was thought to support nerve cell.
　　Glial cells (神經膠質細胞)and Neurons （神經細胞）
　　Glial cells, commonly called neuroglia or simply glia, are non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. In the human brain, glia are estimated to outnumber neurons by about 10 to 1.[1]
Glial cells provide support and protection for neurons, the other main type of cell in the central nervous system. They are thus known as the "glue"膠水 of the nervous system. The four main functions of glial cells are to surround neurons and hold them in place固定, to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons供養, to insulate one neuron from another隔開, and to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons破壞病菌，轉移死N.
　　Glia was discovered in 1856 by the pathologist Rudolf Virchow in his search for a 'connective tissue' in the brain大腦的連接組織.The human brain contains about ten times more glial cells than neurons. [1] Following its discovery in the late 19th century, this fact underwent significant media distortion, emerging as the famous myth claiming that "we are using only 10% of our brain". The role of glial cells as managers of communications in the synapse突觸 gap, thus modifying learning pace, has been discovered only very recently
　　In addition to neurons, the nervous system is populated with another category of cells, glial cells. Glial cells are approximately 10 times more plentiful than neurons, but since they are approximately one-tenth the size, they take up equal size, glia is a Greek term meaning glue, researches originally believed that glial cells served as the putty that held the neurons together, recent research indicates that these cells provide very important contributions.
a neuron is the functioning unit of the nervous system, specialized to receive, integrate, and transmit information, the flow of information moves in the following direction.
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