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和其他合成詞一樣,合成形容詞(compound adjectives)也是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的字合組而成的。由于現(xiàn)代英語結(jié)構(gòu)盡量從繁入簡,合成詞,特別是合成形容詞的運(yùn)用,就越來越普遍,報(bào)章雜志更是如此。
合成形容詞的構(gòu)成方法,主要有下列 6 種:
①名詞+形容詞,如:
oil-rich, duty-free, praiseworthy, life-long, carefree, worldwide, skin-deep, sea-sick, cock-sure, word-perfect 等。
②形容詞+形容詞,如:
bitter-sweet, red-hot, Afro-Asian, socio-political, dead-alive, blue-black 等。
③名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞,如:
peace-loving, labour-saving, law-abiding, time-consuming, painstaking, trouble-shooting 等。
④名詞+過去分詞,如:
examination-oriented, man-made, poverty-stricken, bed-ridden, wind-blown, weather-beaten, heart-broken 等。
⑤形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞,如:
good-looking, easy-going, eager-seeming, direct-acting 等。
⑥形容詞+過去分詞,如:
kind-hearted, narrow-minded, single-handed, new-born, soft-spoken, strong-headed, many-sided 等。
在這六類合成形容詞中,①、③和④的生產(chǎn)率最高。
此外,合成形容詞還可以從其他詞類或結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)化而來,氣象萬千,韻味十足:
⑴從副詞短語轉(zhuǎn)化而來,如:
all-round protection, off-the-cuff opinion, round-the-clock investigation, the ahead-of-schedule general election, a once-a-week discussion 等。
⑵從片語動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而成,如:
a back-up generator, the break-in time, a catch-up programme, a see-through shirt, a stand-up collar 等。
⑶從不帶“to”的不定式動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而成,如:
take-home pay, a keep-fit class, a get-acquainted party, a cross-border raid, a grow-slow policy 等。
⑷由介詞短語轉(zhuǎn)化后移至名詞前,如:
discussions on foreign policy→foreign-policy discussions; the relationship between teachers and students →the teacher-student relationship; a proposal for the withdrawal of troops→a troop-withdrawal proposal 等。
⑸由形容詞分句轉(zhuǎn)化后移至名詞前,如:
a machine that is difficult to operate→a difficult-to-operate machine; magazines which are hard to get at→hard-to-get-at magazines; a politician who is not so strong→a not-so-strong politician 等。
⑹由成語或慣用語轉(zhuǎn)化后移至名詞前,如:
a step-by-step procedure, an on-the-job training, a dog-in-the-manger attitude, a live-and-let-live policy 等。
前面6種構(gòu)成法約定俗成,一切中規(guī)中矩,后面6種涵蓋面大,極為靈活。光是通過成語轉(zhuǎn)化的形容詞合成詞,數(shù)目都在不斷擴(kuò)大中,非常受歡迎。如 an out-of-the-way village(遙遠(yuǎn)的),a get-rich-quick mentality(快速致富的)。
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