lesson 1 名詞的數
名詞分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類。普通名詞又分為個體名詞和集體名詞。在句子中可數名詞要么前邊加冠詞,要么用其復數形式。名詞的復數通常加s,但以s,x,ch,sh結尾的詞es;以“輔音字母+y”結尾的詞把“y”變成“i”,再加es.不規則名詞的復數有其特殊形式。物質名詞和抽象名詞為不可數名詞。名詞有主格(作主語)、賓格(作賓語)和屬格(表示所屬關系)。冠詞分為不定冠詞和定冠詞,它們有其基本用法和特殊用法。數詞分為基數詞、序數詞和分數詞,數詞與名詞在實際運用中要呼應。
第一節 名詞的數
一、可數名詞
1. 可數名詞有單復數之分。在句中,名詞的單數形式前邊要有冠詞或表示單數的限定詞,否則就要用其復數形式。名詞的復數形式通常是在單數形式后加詞尾s、es,或將y改為i再加es.但如果名詞前邊有表示單數的冠詞或表示單數的限定詞,就不能用其復數形式
2. 有少數名詞的復數形式是不規則的,child→children, man→men, woman→women, foot→feet, tooth→teeth, goose→geese, mouse→mice, ox→oxen
3. 英語里還有些名詞的單復數變化較為特殊,需特別注意
analysis→analyses, bacterium→bacteria, basis→bases, crisis→crises, criterion→criteria, datum→data, formula→formulae(或formulas), fungus→fungi, phenomenon→phenomena,syllabus→syllabi, thesis→theses
4. 有些名詞的單復數是一樣的:aircraft, spacecraft, Chinese, deer, fish, Japanese, means, series, species等。
5. 如果前邊有表示復數的限定詞時名詞用其復數形式
6. 在形容詞最高級中,表示范圍的of后要用名詞復數形式
7. 有些集體名詞在形式上是單數如people(人民,人們),police(警察),cattle(牲畜),staff(全體人員,全體職員),但它們表達復數的含意。如果這些詞做主語,其謂語須用復數形式。
8. hair和fruit一般情況下用單數,表示總體。但如果我們要表示若干根頭發或幾種水果時,就要用這兩個詞的復數形式
eg: He bought apples, oranges and other fruits. (“fruits”在此處意為“多種水果”)
另外還要注意:police和cattle的謂語形式總是用復數形式。
9. 名詞做定語時,不能用作復數
二、不可數名詞
1. 不可數名詞為物質名詞和抽象名詞,如information, proverty, advice, anger, applause, baggage, cake, chalk, chocolate, cloth(布), bread, damage(損害), equipment, fruit, furniture, gold, information, ink, jewellery, luggage, mail(郵件), money, news, paper, protection, soap, sugar, weaponry, machinery, scenery, personnel, work等
注:不可數名詞可以與表示量的可數名詞連用,借以表示“可數”的概念,我們可以加 a(n) piece [sheet(張), suit(套), tube(管), packet(包), item(條,則), bar(條), basket(籃子), glass(杯),bunch(束), pair(雙,對), bowl(碗), portion(份), herd(群), series(系列), shower(陣) etc. ],如:a piece of advice(一條建議) /a basket of fruit(一籃水果) /an item of information (一則信息)/a kind of protection(一種保護)等。
2. 有些抽象名詞的意思可以轉變成為具體名詞,這時要用其復數形式
The insurance company paid $10000 in damages for the accident. (“damage”本來為不可數名詞“損害”,變復數后意思是“損失賠償費”。)
單復數含義不同的名詞還有:communication(通訊)——communications(通訊系統,通訊工具);cloth(布)——clothes(衣服);content(內容)——contents(目錄);convenience(便利)——conveniences(便利設備);humanity(人類)——humanities(人文科學);necessity(需要)——necessities(必需品);pain(疼痛)——pains(辛勞);ruin(毀滅)——ruins(廢墟,遺跡);sand(沙子)——sands(沙地,沙灘);wood(木材)——woods(樹林);work(工作)——works(工廠,著作)。
另外,有些名詞通常只用復數形式,如:fundamentals(基本原則),goods(貨物), means(方法), rapids(急流),shorts(短褲), sweets(歡樂), valuables (貴重物品)。
三、同步練習(Correct errors, if any,in the following sentences:)
1. The scholars met once a year to exchange esperiences.
2. Foreign ship are not allowed to fish in our territoral water.
3. I went to the doctor for an advice about my health.
4.The letter contained an important information.
5.In the afternoon I did some baby-sittings,for it is a fun looking after children.
6.The congregation was not numerous that night,but they seemed to be listening attentively to my lecture.
7.Poultries are dear in the city.
8.The board of director is shaking heads at the chairman's speech.
9.The merchandises have arrived undamaged.
四、答案
1. The scholars met once a year to exchange esperience.
2. Foreign ship are not allowed to fish in our territoral waters.
3. I went to the doctor for an advice about my health.
4.The letter contained an important piece of information.
5.In the afternoon I did some baby-sittings,for it is fun looking after children.
6.The congregation were not numerous that night,but they seemed to be listening attentively to my lecture.
7.Poultry are dear in the city.
8.The board of directors are shaking heads at the chairman's speech.
9.The merchandise have arrived undamaged.
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