第四部分：閱讀理解(第31——45題，每題3分，共45分)

下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題，每題后面有4個選項。請仔細閱讀短文并根據短文回答其后面的問題，從4個選項中選擇1個最佳答案涂在答題卡相應的位置上。

第一篇 Prolonging Human Life

Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birth rates, that has led to the population explosion.

Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency (依賴) load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine (饑荒., infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. I the United States many retired people love on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often go on welfare if they have a serious illness.

When older people become senile (年老的) or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals (康復醫院) have been built. These are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institute ones are good, most of them are simply dumping grounds for the dying in which care is given by poorly paid, overworked and underskilled personnel.

31. The writer believes that the population explosion results from

A an increase in birthrates. B the industrial development

C a decrease in death rates. D cultural advances.

32. It can be inferred from the passage that in hunting and gathering cultures

A it was a moral responsibility to keep old-aged people alive.

B infants could be left dead in times of starvation.

C parents had to impact the cultural wisdom of the tribe their children.

D death was considered to be freedom from hardships.

33. According to the passage, which of the following statements about retired people in the United States is true?

A Many of them have a very hard life.

B They cannot live a decent life without enough bank savings.

C They rely mainly on their children for financial support.

D Most of them live with their childre and therefore are well looked after.

34. In Paragraph 3, the phrase “ this need” refers to

A the need to prolong the lives of old people.

B the need to enrich the life of the retired people.

C the need to build profit-making nursing homes.

D the need to take care of a sick and weak people.

35. Which of the following best describes the writer’s attitude toward most of the nursing homes, and convalescent hospitals?

A Sympatheic. B Unfriendly.

C Optimistic. D Critical.

第二篇 When Fear Takes Control of the Mind

A panic attack is a sudden feeling of terror. Usually it does not last long, but it may feel like forever. The cause can be something as normally uneventful as driving over abridge or flying in an airplane. And it can happen even if the person has driven over many bridges or flown many times before. A fast heartbeat, sweaty hands, difficulty breathing, a dizzy feeling. At first a person may have no idea what is wrong. But these can all be signs of what is known as panic disorder. The first appearance usually is between the ages of 1 8 and 25. In some cases it develops after a tragedy, like the death of a loved one, or some other difficult situation.

In the United States, the National Institute of Mental Health says more than two million people are affected in any one-year period. The American Psychological Association says panic disorder is two times more likely in women than men. And it can last anywhere from a few months to a lifetime.

Panic attacks can be dangerous-for example, if a person is driving at the time. The Chesapeake Bay Bridge in the state of Maryland is so long and so high over the water, it is famous for scaring motorists. There is even a driver assistance program to help people get across. Some people who suffer a panic attack develop a phobia(恐懼病), a deep fear of ever repeating the activity that brought on the attack.

But expels say panic disorder can be treated. Doctors might suggest anti-anxiety or antidepressant(抗抑郁的)medicines. Talking to a counselor could help a person learn to deal with or avoid a panic attack. There are breathing methods, for example, that might help a person calm down. Panic disorder is included among what mental health professionals call anxiety disorders. A study published last week reported a link between anxiety disorders and several physical diseases. It says these include thyroid(甲狀腺的)disease, lung and stomach problems, migraine headaches(偏頭痛)and allergic(過敏的)conditions. Researchers at the University of Manitoba in Canada say that in most cases the physical condition followed the anxiety disorder. But, they say, exactly how the two are connected remains unknown.

36. Which is NOT a possible sign of panic disorder?

A. A fast heartbeat. B. Sweaty hands.

C. A joyful feeling. D. Difficulty breathing.

37. Which is NOT mentioned as a possible cause of panic disorder?

A. Driving over a bridge. B. Flying in an airplane.

C. Losing a loved one. D. Being between the ages of 1 8 and 25.

38. Panic disorder is said to extend from.

A. a few months to a lifetime. B. a few months to a few years.

C. a few days to a few months. D. a few minutes to a few days.

39. Which is NOT a possible treatment for panic disorder?

A. Taking anti-anxiety or antidepressant medicines.

B. Repeating the activity that brought. or the attack.

C. Talking to a counselor.

D. Learning special breathing methods

40. Panic disorder is a kind of.

A. lung and stomach problem. B. migraine headache.

C. anxiety disorder. D. allergic condition.

第三篇 Sleep Lets Brain File Memories

To sleep. Perchance to file? Findings published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences further support the theory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while the rest of the body is catching zzz’s.

Gyorgy Buzsaki of Rutgers university and his colleagues analyzed the brain waves of sleeping rats and mice. Specifically, they examined the electrical activity emanating from the somatosensory neocortex (an area that processes sensory information. and the hippocampus, which is a center for learning and memory. The scientists found that oscillation in brain waves from the two regions appear to be intertwined. So-called sleep spindles (bursts of activity from the neocortex. were followed tens of milliseconds later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples. The team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory consolidation.

A second study, also published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Links age-associated memory decline to high glucose levels.

Previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes suffer from increased memory problems. In the new work, Antonio Convit of New York University School of Medicine and his collaborators studied 3 people whose average age was 69 to investigate whether sugar levels, which tend to increase with age, affect memory in healthy people as well. The scientists administered recall tests, brain scans and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickly sugar is absorbed from the blood by the body’s tissues. Subjects with the poorest memory recollection, the team discovered, also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance. In addition, their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects better able to absorb blood sugar.

“Our study suggests that this impairment may contribute to the memory deficits that occur as people age.” Convit says. “And it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition” Exercise and weight control can help keep glucose levels in check, so there may be one more reason to go to the gym.

41. Which of the following statements is nearest in meaning to the sentence “To sleep. Perchance to file?”

A. Does brain arrange memories in useful order during sleep?

B. Does brain have memories when one is sleeping?

C. Does brain remember files after one falls asleep?

D. Does brain work on files in sleep?

42. What is the result of the experiment with rats and mice carried out at Rutgers University?

A.The electrical activity is emanating from the somatosensory neocortex.

B. Oscillations in brain waves are from hippocampus.

C. Somatosensory neocortex and hippocampus work together tin memory consolidation.

D. Somatosensory neocortex plays a primary role in memory consolidation.

43. What is the relation of memory to glucose tolerance, as is indicated by a research mentioned in paragraph 4?

A. People with poor memory have high glucose tolerance.

B. People with good memory have low glucose tolerance.

C. Memory level has nothing to do with glucose tolerance.

D. The poorer the memory, the poorer glucose tolerance.

44. In what way is memory related to hippocampus shrinkage?

A. There is no relation between memory and hippocampus shrinkage.

B. The more hippocampus shrinks, the poorer one’s memory.

C. The more hippocampus shrinks, the better one’s memory.

D. The less hippocampus shrinks, the poorer one’s memory.

45. According to the last paragraph, what is the ultimate reason for going to the gym?

A. To prevent hippocampus shrinkage. B. To control weight.

C. To exercise. D. To control glucose levels.

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